Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine RSS feed: Current Issue. Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology, and Medicine (Nanomedicine: NBM) is an international, peer-reviewed journal. Each issue of Nanomedicine: NBM presents theoretical and experimental research results related to nanoscience and nanotechnology in life sciences, including Basic, Translational, and Clinical research, and commercialization of results. Article formats include Communications, Original Articles, Reviews, Perspectives, Technical and Commercialization Notes, and Letters to the Editor. In addition, regular features on our website will address commercialization, funding opportunities, and societal, Public Health, and ethical issues of nanomedicine. We invite authors to submit original manuscripts in these categories. 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Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 1549-963463June 2010 © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. healthpermissions@elsevier.comhttp://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963410000997/abstract?rss=yesNanoscience and nanotechnology have an enormous scientific and practical future in the emerging field of nanomedicine. However, most experts seem to disagree on how to define and use nano-related terms. As a consequence, a surprising number of different definitions can be found both in the popular and the scientific literature for nanoscience and nanotechnology, not to mention nanomedicine. What’s more, these definitions keep changing all the time.Why do we have so many definitions for nanoscience and nanotechnology?Lajos P. Balogh10.1016/j.nano.2010.04.001Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2010-04-15Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2010-04-1563S1549-9634(10)X0003-XEditorial397398http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS154996340900255X/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: A majority of ovarian cancer metastases result from the shedding of malignant cells from the primary tumor into the abdominal cavity. Free-floating cancer cells in serous effusions of late-stage ovarian cancer patients may spread to internal organs, making effective treatment extremely difficult. Selective removal of ovarian cancer cells from serous fluids may abate metastasis and improve long-term prognoses. We have already shown that superparamagnetic nanoparticles conjugated to an ephrin-A1 mimetic peptide with a high affinity for the EphA2 receptor can be used to capture and remove cultured human ovarian cancer cells from the peritonea of experimental mice. Here we demonstrate the potential clinical utility of the methodology by in vitro capture and isolation of cancer cells from the ascites fluid of ovarian cancer patients.From the Clinical Editor: Ovarian cancer metastases usually are the result of shedding of malignant cells from the primary tumor into the abdominal cavity. In this paper, a novel nanotechnology-based method is demonstrated for the in vitro capture and isolation of cancer cells from the ascites fluid of ovarian cancer patients.Selective removal of ovarian cancer cells from human ascites fluid using magnetic nanoparticlesKenneth E. Scarberry, Erin B. Dickerson, Z. John Zhang, Benedict B. Benigno, John F. McDonald10.1016/j.nano.2009.11.003Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2009-12-07Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2009-12-0763S1549-9634(10)X0003-XCancer Biology, Ovarian Cancer Cells, In Vitro Removal, Superparamagnetic NPs399408http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963410000110/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: A class of nanoscale (∼1–10 nm) structures designed to probe, manipulate, or endow function by direct interfacing with live cells is considered. Such a concept of cellular-level prostheses is illustrated via the example of light-activated nanoscale photodiodes capable of creating local electric fields that modulate existing voltage-gated ion channels in excitable cells. The dynamics of the membrane potential modulation by such photovoltaic functional abiotic nanosystems (PV-FANs) is modeled through an appropriate equivalent circuit. The feasibility of exceeding the typical ∼10 mV depolarization threshold for activating the action potentials is examined. In view of the continuing advances in the ability to design, synthesize, and characterize abiotic nanoscale systems that can provide desired function, several approaches to the implementation of PV-FANs are discussed. The FANs as “cellular prostheses” can provide a variety of functions in response to different stimuli and represent a paradigm-changing opportunity at the frontiers of nanomedicine.From the Clinical Editor: A class of nanoscale (~1-10nm) structures designed to probe, manipulate, or endow live cell functions is demonstrated in this work. More specifically, light-activated nanoscale photodiodes were found capable of creating local electric fields that modulate existing voltage gated ion channels in excitable cells, thus allowing the generation of action potentials in excitable cells via external light stimulus in a controlled fashion.Cellular prostheses: functional abiotic nanosystems to probe, manipulate, and endow function in live cellsSiyuan Lu, Anupam Madhukar10.1016/j.nano.2010.01.004Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2010-01-29Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2010-01-2963S1549-9634(10)X0003-XRegenerative Medicine, Cell Biology, Concept Paper, Theoretical409418http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963409002548/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Aquasomes are one of the most recently developed delivery systems that are finding a niche as peptide and protein carriers. These are nanoparticulate carrier systems with three-layered self-assembled structures. They comprise a central solid nanocrystalline core coated with polyhydroxy oligomers onto which biochemically active molecules are adsorbed. The solid core provides the structural stability, while the carbohydrate coating protects against dehydration and stabilizes the biochemically active molecules. This property of maintaining the conformational integrity of bioactive molecules has led to the proposal that aquasomes have potential as a carrier system for delivery of peptide-based pharmaceuticals. The delivery system has been successfully utilized for the delivery of insulin, hemoglobin, and various antigens. Oral delivery of enzymes like serratiopeptidase has also been achieved. This article discusses the problems faced in the delivery of clinically important peptides and presents aquasomes as a reliable approach to troubleshoot them.From the Clinical Editor: Aquasomes are nanoparticulate carrier systems with three layered self-assembled structures enabling the delivery peptide/protein based pharmaceuticals including enzymes, structural proteins or even antigens. This article discusses the problems faced in the delivery of clinically important peptides and presents aquasomes as a reliable approach to troubleshoot them.Aquasomes: a promising carrier for peptides and protein deliveryMarakanam S. Umashankar, Rajesh K. Sachdeva, Monica Gulati10.1016/j.nano.2009.11.002Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2009-11-20Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2009-11-2063S1549-9634(10)X0003-XPeptide Based Pharmaceuticals, Drug Delivery, Aquasomes419426http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963409003396/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Identification of pharmacological and toxicological profiles is of critical importance for the use of nanoparticles as drug carriers in nanomedicine and for the biosafety evaluation of environmental nanoparticles in nanotoxicology. Here we show that lysosomes are the pharmacological target organelles for single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and that mitochondria are the target organelles for their cytotoxicity. The gastrointestinally absorbed SWCNTs were lysosomotropic but also entered mitochondria at large doses. Genes encoding phosphoinositide-3-kinase and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 2 were involved in such an organelle preference. SWCNT administration resulted in collapse of mitochondrial membrane potentials, giving rise to overproduction of reactive oxygen species, leading to damage of mitochondria, which was followed by lysosomal and cellular injury. Based on the dosage differences in target organelles, SWCNTs were successfully used to deliver acetylcholine into brain for treatment of experimentally induced Alzheimer disease with a moderate safety range by precisely controlling the doses, ensuring that SWCNTs preferentially enter lysosomes, the target organelles, and not mitochondria, the target organelles for SWCNT cytotoxicity.From the Clinical Editor: Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) could make excellent targeted delivery systems for pharmaceuticals. Inside the cells, lysosomes are the pharmacological target organelles of SWCNT, but in large doses mitochondria also take up SWCNT and mitochondrial toxicity becomes the reason for overall toxicity of this approach. In this paper, SWCNT were successfully used to deliver acetylcholine in Alzheimer’s disease brains with high safety range by controlling the doses to ensure lysosomal but not mitochondrial targeting.Pharmacological and toxicological target organelles and safe use of single-walled carbon nanotubes as drug carriers in treating Alzheimer diseaseZhong Yang, Yingge Zhang, Yanlian Yang, Lan Sun, Dong Han, Hong Li, Chen Wang10.1016/j.nano.2009.11.007Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2010-01-06Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2010-01-0663S1549-9634(10)X0003-XPharmacology, Toxicology, Drug Delivery to the Brain, Safe Use of SWCNTs427441http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963409002536/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Photodynamic inactivation is a rapidly developing antimicrobial technology that combines a nontoxic photoactivatable dye or photosensitizer in combination with harmless visible light of the correct wavelength to excite the dye to its reactive-triplet state that will then generate reactive oxygen species that are highly toxic to cells. Buckminsterfullerenes are closed-cage molecules entirely composed of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms, and although their main absorption is in the UV, they also absorb visible light and have a long-lived triplet state. When C60 fullerene is derivatized with cationic functional groups it forms molecules that are more water-soluble and can mediate photodynamic therapy efficiently upon illumination; moreover, cationic fullerenes can selectively bind to microbial cells. In this report we describe the synthesis and characterization of several new cationic fullerenes. Their relative effectiveness as broad-spectrum antimicrobial photosensitizers against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and a fungal yeast was determined by quantitative structure-function relationships.From the Clinical Editor: Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a rapidly developing antimicrobial technology in which a non-toxic photoactivatable dye or photosensitizer is excited with harmless visible light to its reactive state, where it will generate highly toxic reactive oxygen species. Buckminsterfullerenes derivatized with cationic functional groups form molecules that are water-soluble and mediate PDI efficiently. These fullerenes can also selectively bind to microbial cells. Several new cationic fullerenes are presented in this paper, and their efficacy against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and a fungal yeast is also demonstrated.Innovative cationic fullerenes as broad-spectrum light-activated antimicrobialsLiyi Huang, Mitsuhiro Terakawa, Timur Zhiyentayev, Ying-Ying Huang, Yohei Sawayama, Ashlee Jahnke, George P. Tegos, Tim Wharton, Michael R. Hamblin10.1016/j.nano.2009.10.005Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2009-11-16Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2009-11-1663S1549-9634(10)X0003-XPharmacology, Therapeutics, Phototherapy, Functionalized C60, In Vitro Tests442452http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963409002597/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Swellable polymeric nanosystems have emerged as promising materials in drug release technologies. Such systems have shown potential in releasing antibiotic drugs and to do so controllably. In the present investigation poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) nanoparticles were synthesized by suspension polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate and characterized by various techniques such as Fourier transform–infrared spectrometry, scanning electron microscopy, particle size analysis, and surface charge measurements. The synthesized nanoparticles were swellable in water and showed promise to function as a swelling controlled-release system. The release kinetics of drug-loaded particles was studied in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) using ciprofloxacin as a model antibacterial drug. The chemical stability of the pure and released drug was also assessed in PBS (pH 7.4), acidic (pH 1.8), and alkaline (pH 8.6) solutions. The in vitro blood compatibility of nanoparticles was also investigated in terms of hemolysis tests. The drug-loaded nanoparticles were also examined for their antibacterial and blood-compatible behaviors.From the Clinical Editor: Swellable polymeric nanosystems have emerged as promising materials in drug release technologies. In this paper, the release kinetics, antimicrobial properties and in vitro “blood compatibility” is reported for a specific swellable polymeric nanosystem.Release dynamics of ciprofloxacin from swellable nanocarriers of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate): an in vitro studyRaje Chouhan, Anil K. Bajpai10.1016/j.nano.2009.11.006Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2009-12-30Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2009-12-3063S1549-9634(10)X0003-XPharmaceutics, Nanoscale Properties- Release Kinetics, HEMA NPs In Vitro Tests453462http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963409002561/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Although small interfering RNA (siRNA) treatment holds great promise for the treatment of cancers, the field has been held back by the availability of suitable delivery vehicles. For cervical cancer the E6 and E7 oncogenes are ideal siRNA targets for treatment. The purpose of the present study was to explore the potential of dendrosomes for the delivery of siRNA targeting E6 and E7 proteins of cervical cancer cells in vitro. Optimization of dendrimer generation and nitrogen-to-phosphate (N/P) ratio was carried out using dendrimer–fluorescein isothiocyanate oligo complexes. The optimized N/P ratios were used in formulating complexes between dendrimers and siRNA targeting green fluorescence protein (siGFP). Although formulation 4D100 (dendrimer-siRNA complex) displayed the highest GFP knockdown, it was also found to be highly toxic to cells. In the final formulation 4D100 was encapsulated into dendrosomes so as to mask these toxic effects. The optimized dendrosomal formulation (DF), DF3 was found to possess a siGFP-entrapment efficiency of 49.76% ± 1.62%, vesicle size of 154 ± 1.73 nm, and zeta potential of +3.21 ± 0.07 mV. The GFP knockdown efficiency of DF3 (dendrosome) was found to be almost identical to that of 4D100, but the former was completely nontoxic to the cells. DF3 containing siRNA against E6 and E7 was found to knock down the target genes considerably, as compared with the other formulations tested. Our results imply that dendrosomes hold potential for the delivery of siRNA and that a suitable targeting strategy could be useful for applications in vivo.From the Clinical Editor: siRNA treatment holds great promise for the treatment of cancers, but overall, the availability of suitable delivery vehicles remains a major issue. The purpose of this study was to explore the potential of dendrosomes for the delivery of siRNA targeting specific proteins in cervical cancer cells in vitro. The results suggest that dendrosomes hold potential for the delivery of siRNA and a suitable targeting strategy could be useful for applications in vivo.Dendrosome-based delivery of siRNA against E6 and E7 oncogenes in cervical cancerTathagata Dutta, Melinda Burgess, Nigel A.J. McMillan, Harendra S. Parekh10.1016/j.nano.2009.12.001Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2009-12-30Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2009-12-3063S1549-9634(10)X0003-XPharmaceutics, Oncology, Drug Delivery, SiRNA, Optimized Formulation463470http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963409001889/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The purpose of this study was to prepare cholesterol succinyl chitosan anchored liposomes (CALs) and to investigate their characterization, physical stability, and drug release behavior in vitro. Three cholesterol succinyl chitosan (CHCS) conjugates with different substitution degrees (DS) of the cholesterol moiety were synthesized and used as the anchoring materials to coating on the liposome surface by the incubation method. CALs were almost spherical and had a classic shell-core structure. Compared with plain liposomes and chitosan-coated liposomes (CCLs), CALs had larger sizes, higher zeta potentials, and better physical stability after storage at 4 ± 2°C and 25 ± 2°C. Epirubicin, as a model drug, was effectively loaded into CALs and exhibited the more sustained release in both phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4) and 1% (vol/vol) aqueous fetal bovine serum compared to plain liposomes and CCLs.From the Clinical Editor: Cholesterol succinyl chitosan anchored liposomes (CAL) as delivery vehicles are characterized in this work, including their physical stability and drug release behavior in vitro. Epirubicin as a model drug, was effectively loaded into CALs, and exhibited sustained release behavior both in phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH 7.4) and 1% (V/V) aqueous fetal bovine serum (FBS).Cholesterol succinyl chitosan anchored liposomes: preparation, characterization, physical stability, and drug release behaviorYinsong Wang, Shaoli Tu, Rongshan Li, XiaoYing Yang, Lingrong Liu, Qiqing Zhang10.1016/j.nano.2009.09.005Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2009-10-05Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2009-10-0563S1549-9634(10)X0003-XPharmaceutics, Drug Delivery, Liposomes, Release Kinetics, In Vitro Tests471477http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963409001919/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: SN-38 (7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin) is the active metabolite of irinotecan, which is 100-to 1000-fold more cytotoxic than irinotecan. Nevertheless, extreme hydrophobicity of SN-38 has prevented its clinical use. One way of improving the solubility and stability of SN-38 is to formulate the drug into nanoparticles. Folic acid has been widely used as a targeting moiety for various anticancer drugs. For folate-receptor–targeted anticancer therapy, SN-38 nanoparticles were produced using poly-lactide-co-glycolide–polyethylene glycol–folate (PLGA-PEG-FOL) conjugate by emulsification/solvent evaporation method. The FOL-conjugated di-block copolymer was synthesized by coupling the PLGA-PEG-NH2 di-block copolymer with an activated folic acid. The conjugates were used for the formation of SN-38 nanoparticles with an average size of 200 nm in diameter. The SN-38 targeted nanoparticles showed a greater cytotoxicity against HT-29 cancer cells than SN-38 nontargeted nanoparticles. These results suggested that folate-targeted nanoparticles could be a potentially useful delivery system for SN-38 as an anticancer agent.From the Clinical Editor: SN-38 is the active metabolite of the chemotherapy agent irinotecan, which is 100-1000 fold more cytotoxic than irinotecan, but its extreme hydrophobicity has prevented its clinical use. In this paper, the authors present a nanotechnology-based approach targeting the folate-receptor with SN-38 loaded nanoparticles, demonstrating stronger cytotoxicity against HT-29 cancer cells than with control nanoparticles.Preparation and in vitro evaluation of actively targetable nanoparticles for SN-38 delivery against HT-29 cell linesPedram Ebrahimnejad, Rassoul Dinarvand, Abolghasem Sajadi, Mahmoud Reza Jaafari, Ali Reza Nomani, Ebrahim Azizi, Mazda Rad-Malekshahi, Fatemeh Atyabi10.1016/j.nano.2009.10.003Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2009-10-16Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2009-10-1663S1549-9634(10)X0003-XPharmaceutics, Cancer Drug Delivery, Folate Targeted PLGA Block Copolymers, In Vitro Tests478485http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963409002573/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: The photodynamic effect of upconversion nanoparticles loaded with a photosensitizer was studied on murine bladder cancer cells (MB49). Mesoporous silica was coated onto sodium yttrium fluoride upconversion nanocrystals to form a core-shell structure and then loaded with the photosensitizer zinc (II)-phthalocyanine into the porous silica. The nanoparticles displayed a uniform spherical shape with an average diameter of about 50 nm and showed good dispersibility in water. Intracellular uptake study in MB49 cells revealed a time- and concentration-dependent accumulation of these nanoparticles. Upon irradiation with 980-nm near-infrared light, their efficiency in activating the loaded zinc (II)-phthalocyanine to generate singlet oxygen molecules was confirmed in live cells. The cytotoxic effect of the released singlet oxygen from the nanoplatform was proven by cell viability assay, confocal microscopy, DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, cytochrome c–releasing assay, and prostate-specific antigen–enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, all of which showed a strong photodynamic effect of the nanoparticles on MB49 cells. This suggests the efficacy of sodium yttrium fluoride upconversion nanoparticles as a carrier for photosensitizers and their use in photodynamic therapy of cancer and some other diseases.From the Clinical Editor: In this study, the photodynamic effect of upconversion nanoparticles loaded with a photosensitizer was investigated on murine bladder cancer cells, with strongly positive results, which may pave its way to future clinical use in malignant tumors and potentially other diseases.Singlet oxygen-induced apoptosis of cancer cells using upconversion fluorescent nanoparticles as a carrier of photosensitizerHuichen Guo, Haisheng Qian, Niagara Muhammad Idris, Yong Zhang10.1016/j.nano.2009.11.004Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2009-12-30Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2009-12-3063S1549-9634(10)X0003-XOncology, Photodynamic Therapy, In Vitro, Upconversion486495http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963409002585/abstract?rss=yesAbstract: Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles–based magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have offered new promise for early detection of lymph nodes and their metastases. These nanoparticles are taken up by macrophages in normal lymph nodes and produce signal changes based on susceptibility artifact and dipolar relaxation. The effects of MR protocols and their parameters on artifact size and detection sensitivity have been studied before. In this study USPIO nanoparticles were used as MRI contrast agent, and their detection sensitivity in axillary lymph nodes was evaluated using earlier defined pulse sequences. The minimum amount (dose) of USPIO nanoparticles that delineates lymph nodes of various sizes using susceptibility-based gradient echo pulse sequences was also determined. It was found that a dose administration of as low as 0.028 mg iron (Fe)/kg for subcutaneous injection and 0.16 mg Fe/kg for intravenous injection can be used to visualize axillary lymph nodes when a sensitive MR protocol is employed.From the Clinical Editor: Ultrasmall superparamagnetic iron oxide (USPIO) nanoparticles are taken up by macrophages and have been shown to be promising negative contrast agents in the early detection of metastases in lymph nodes. In this study, their detection sensitivity in axillary lymph nodes was evaluated using previously defined MRI pulse sequences. The minimum dose of USPIO to delineate lymph nodes using gradient echo-based optimized pulse sequences was 0.028 mgFe/kg for subcutaneous and 0.16 mgFe/kg for intravenous injection.Detection sensitivity of lymph nodes of various sizes using USPIO nanoparticles in magnetic resonance imagingMohammad Ali Oghabian, Nahideh Gharehaghaji, Saeedeh Amirmohseni, Samideh Khoei, Masoomeh Guiti10.1016/j.nano.2009.11.005Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2009-12-30Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2009-12-3063S1549-9634(10)X0003-XDiagnostic Imaging, MRI Sensitivity, Iron Oxide NPs496499http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963410001048/abstract?rss=yesCover10.1016/S1549-9634(10)00104-8Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2010-06-01Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2010-06-0163S1549-9634(10)X0003-XFrontmatterA1A1http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS154996341000105X/abstract?rss=yesEditorial Board10.1016/S1549-9634(10)00105-XNanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2010-06-01Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2010-06-0163S1549-9634(10)X0003-XFrontmatterA3A3http://www.nanomedjournal.com/article/PIIS1549963410001061/abstract?rss=yesTable of Contents10.1016/S1549-9634(10)00106-1Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 6, 3 (2010)2010-06-01Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine 2010-06-0163S1549-9634(10)X0003-XFrontmatterA4A5